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خطوات التفكير الاستقرائي وتطبيقاته التربوية في التعليم | تربية دوت كوم ينطلق نمط التفكير الاستقرائي من عـدد مـن المسلمات، مثل: التفكير يمكـن أن يعلـم والتفكير هو عملية تفاعل بين عقل الفرد والمعلومات لغاية معينة، وتتابع عمليات التفكير في سياق منطقي على شكل مهمات أو خطوات للتفكير الاستقرائي. وهذه هي المهمات: مهمة تكوين المفاهيم، ومهمة تفسير البيانات، ومهمة تطبيق المبادئ.
خطوات التفكير الاستقرائييمكننا تقسيم نمط التفكير الاستقرائي إلي ثلاث مراحل وفيما يلي تفصيل لها:
تشتمل مرحلة تكوين المفاهيم على ثلاثة أنشطة هي:
الأول – جمع المعلومات. الثاني – تصنيف المعلومات إلى فئات وفق معيار تشابه معين. الثالث – تسمية الفئات. يتحقق كل من الأنشطة الآنفة الذكر مـن خـلال استراتيجيات محددة، ويقصد بالاستراتيجيات هنا: الأسئلة المخططة الهادفة. ففي نشاط جمع المعلومات توجه الأسئلة التالية : ماذا رأيت؟ وماذا سمعت؟ وماذا لاحظت؟ وقد تتعدد مصادر جمع المعلومات فقد يقدم بعضها المعلم، وقد يوجه الطلاب إلى قراءات صفية وغير صفية معينة، وقد يلجأ إلى التعبير الشفوي الحر. وفي نشاط التصنيف قد توجه الأسئلة التالية: كيف تربط بين الأشياء؟ وما معيار التصنيف؟ مـا الاسـم الـذي تقترحـه؟ ولماذا؟ وما الأسماء البديلة؟
يشتمل النشاط على عدد من عمليات التفكير المتداخلة، مثل: عمليات التمييز (في نشاط جمع المعلومات) وعمليات التجريد والتحديد (في نشاط التصنيف) وعمليـات التنظيم والتقييم (في نشاط التسمية).
تشتمل هذه المهمة على ثلاثة أنشطة تكمل الأنشطة السابقة وهي:
الرابع – تحديد نقاط التشابه ونقاط الاختلاف بين المفهوم المنشود والمفاهيم الأخـرى ذات الصلة به. الخامس – شرح المفهوم وتوضيحه. السادس – التوصل للاستدلالات المتمثلة بتطوير مبادئ وتعميمات. تستخدم الاستراتيجيات أو الأسئلة في كل نشاط مثل: ماذا؟ ولماذا؟ وكيف؟ ..الخ ويشتمل النشاط على عمليات تفكير داخلية خفيـة مثل: التمييز والمقارنة وربط المعلومات وتحديد علاقات السبب والنتيجة والاستقراء والاستنتاج وإيجاد المعـاني المتضمنة.
يساعد المعلم طلابه في هذه المهمة على توظيف المبادئ المكتسبة لشرح ظواهر جديدة أي التنبؤ بالنتائج من ظروف قائمة. وتشتمل هذه المهمة على ثلاثة أنشطة تكمـل النشاطات في المهمتين الأولى والثانية والأنشطة هي:
السابع – شرح الظواهر غي المألوفة ووضع الفرضيات. الثامن – تبرير التنبؤات وشرح الفرضيات. التاسع – التحقق من التنبؤات والفرضيات. يتحقق كل نشاط بعدد من الاستراتيجيات أو الأسئلة المخططة التي يبدأ معظمها ب (لو) ويشتمل كل نشاط على عدد من العمليات العقلية الداخلية أو الخفية.
التطبيقات التربوية للتفكير الاستقرائييتصف نمط التفكير الاستقرائي بالبساطة ويمكـن اسـتخلاص المبادئ التربوية والنفسية التالية منه:
التدرج من البسيط إلى المركب: يحتم هذا النمط أن تتدرج بالطالب من السهل إلى الصعب، ومن البسيط إلى المركب فتضعه الخطوة الأولى في تماس مع المعرفة والمعلومات فتساعده على جمعها ثم تصنيفها إلى فئات، وأخيراً تسمية هذه الفئات (المفاهيم)، وتساعده الخطوة الثانية على إجراء عمليات عقلية عليا، فيقارن ليوجد نقاط الاختلاف والتشابه، ويحلل، ويفسر ويتوصل إلى المبادئ والتعميمات الأولى. ومن المعروف أن هـذه الخطوة هي أرقى من الخطوة الأولى. وفي الخطوة الثالثة: يساعد المعلم الطالب على تطبيـق المـادة في مواقف جديدة وهنا لا بد من التنبؤ وفرض الفروض، ولا يستطيع الطالب أن يقوم بهذا العمل إلا إذا امتلك القدرات الخاصة بالخطوتين الأولى والثانية.تأكيد تعلم المفاهيم: فنمط التفكير الاستقرائي قائم على تكوين المفاهيم، وبعملية تكوين المفاهيم نعطى الأمثلة المنتمية فقط للمفهوم.البيانات والمعلومات الكافية: تزيد فعالية عمليات الاستقراء في نمط التفكير الاستقرائي في حالـة تـوافر البيانات والمعلومات الكافية، وهي النشاط الأول في المهمات الثلاث، ولهذا فينصح الاهتمام بهذا النشاط وتنويع مصادر المعلومات وطرق الحصول عليها.الأسئلة المخططة: يتوقف نجاح النمط على الأسئلة المخططة الهادفة، ودرجة فعاليتها في تحقيق الأنشطة ووضوحها وقدرتها على استثارة الأفكار وتوليدها.التعاون: حتى تتم عملية التفكير الاستقرائي لا بد مـن سيادة التعاون بين المعلم وطلابه، وسيادة العلاقات الإنسانية وبدونهما لا يحدث استقراء متعثر.وختاماً، فإن نمط التفكير الاستقرائي يصلح لكل مستويات التعليم ومواده، لا سيما للأطفال الصغار، شريطة استخدام كل المهمات وكل الأنشطة وعدم قصر تعلم المفاهيم على المهمة الأولى فقط.
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