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كيفية تنظيم نوم الطفل ليحظي بنوم هادئ | تربية دوت كوم تعاني الأمهات في الشهور الثلاثة أو الأربعة الأولى من عمر أطفالهن من قلة النوم في الليل، نتيجة لاضطراب نوم الطفل في هذه المرحلة من العمر.. ثم تستقر الحالة تدريجياً.. وعندما يبلغ معظم الأطفال الشهر السادس من عمرهم يكون بإمكانهم الاستغراق في النوم طوال الليل.. ولكن هناك بعض الحالات التي لا ينتظم فيها الأطفال في هذه السن ويظلون يستيقظون على فترات متقطعة.. فما هي الطريقة لعلاج هذه الحالة؟
يقدم د. رتشارد فرير مدير مركز اضطرابات النوم عند الأطفال التابع لمستشفى بوسطن للأطفال بعض الخطوات التي تساعدك على تنظيم نوم الطفل:
إذا استيقظ طفلك مبكراً لتناول وجبة اتركيه لينام بعد ذلك ثم يستيقظ فيتناول طعامه ثم يلعب لفترة ثم يعاود النوم من جديد.. تنظيم هذه الخطوات بالنهار يساعد على سهولة استغراق الطفل في النوم بالليل.
إذا تعود الطفل على أن تحمله والدته وتهزه على ذراعيها حتى ينام فإنه إذا استيقظ في الليل سوف يجد صعوبة في الاستغراق في النوم من جديد بمفرده. لذلك يجب على الأم أن تعود طفلها على أن تتركه في السرير بمفرده لفترة قبل أن تهزه حتى يتعود تدريجياً على النوم بمفرده.
يفضل وضع نظام محدد يسبق فترة النوم كأن يحصل الطفل على حمام دافئ ثم تشدو والدته أغنية هادئة وهي تحمله على ذراعيها ثم تقبله قبلة المساء وتضعه في السرير.. بعد فترة سوف يتعرف الطفل على هذه الخطوات ويألفها بل ويتطلع اليها.
احرصي على قضاء فترة سكون مع طفلك في حجرته قبل أن تضعيه في السرير حتى يشعر بالأمان والاطمئنان في حجرته.
وتشعر الأمهات بالراحة والسعادة لاقتراب حلول الليل حيث ينام الأطفال مبكراً وتتوق كل واحدة منهن الى فترة راحة تسترد فيها أنفاسها بعد عناء يوم طويل من العمل…. ولكن تفاجأ الكثيرات عند ذهابهن الى الفراش للنوم باستيقاظ أطفالهن يبكون أو يصرخون دون أن يكون هناك سبب واضح لهذه الحالة، فالطفل ظاهرياً لا يعاني شيئاً إلا أنه مع ذلك يستمر في البكاء ومناداة الأم فإذا حملته بين ذراعيها نام على صدرها ووضعته في السرير ثم همت بالخروج من الحجرة استيقظ الطفل مرة أخرى ليعاود البكاء. وفي حالات أخرى يستغرق في النوم لمدة ساعة أو اثنتين ثم يستيقظ من جديد…
وقد يتكرر هذا العرض عدة مرات طوال الليل مما يسبب التعب والارهاق له ولوالديه فما هو رأي علماء النفس في هذه الحالة؟
يقول د. لي سولك اخصائي علم النفس في ولاية كاليفورنيا: ان واجب الأم في هذه الحالة هو معرفة سبب قلق وأرق طفلها لأنه ليس من المستحسن للطفل ألا يحصل على عدد ساعات النوم اللازمة له أو ينام نوماً متقطعاً.
ويرد د. سولك سبب هذه الحالة الى عدة أسباب منها النفسية ومنها العضوية.. فهناك أولاً الطفل الذي تضعه والدته في الفراش عندما يحين موعد نومه وهو في قمة نشاطه وحيويته فيظل يقاوم لفترة طويلة لأنه غير مستعد نفسياً للاستغراق في النوم وحتى إذا نام يكون نومه متقطعاً – وعادة ما تكون هذه هي حالة الطفل الذي يقضي عدة ساعات طويلة في مكان مغلق كسريره أو عربته أو حجرة مغلقة لا يسمح له بالخروج منها خوفاً عليه، فينتابه الفضول لكل شيء حوله..
في نفس الوقت تجد الأم صعوبة في إطلاق حريته خاصة إذا كان عليها ترتيب المنزل أو طهي الطعام لأنها تشعر أنه قد يتعرض لإيذاء نفسه..
في هذه الحالة ينصح د. سولك الأم بحمل طفلها الى المكان الذي تعمل به وتوحي له بأنه يساعدها مستغلة في ذلك طاقته فتطلب منه ترتيب لعبة مكانها أو تعطي له «فوطة» صغيرة لينظف بها الأثاث. وعندما يأتي المساء يكون الطفل مستعداً للنوم ومرهقاً من كثرة الحركة فيستغرق في النوم ولا يستيقظ طوال الليل.
ومن العوامل التي تؤدي إلى ارق الطفل أيضاً عدم الخروج في الهواء الطلق لذلك ينصح المتخصصون الأمهات بضرورة خروج الطفل من المنزل يومياً، للتفريج عن الطاقة الكامنة فيه كما يمكن أن يشعر الطفل بالأرق والاضطراب لأنه لم ينه يومه نهاية سعيدة.. ففي ساعة معينة ينتزع من بين لعبه ليوضع في الفراش من جانب أم متوترة ثائرة الأعصاب يشعر أنها تتعجل نومه لتلتفت لبقية مهامها – فيظل قلقاً مضطرباً في سريره لا يرغب في الاستسلام للنوم حتى يفسد عليها يومها كما أفسدت عليه يومه…
والحل الأمثل هنا هو أن يحضر الطفل تدريجياً للنوم فيبدأ بأخذ حمام دافئ، يهدئ أعصابه ويرخي عضلاته ثم يشرب كوباً من الحليب الدافئ ثم تحمله الأم بين ذراعيها وتدلله لفترة ثم تضعه في السرير لينام.. فالأم في هذه الحالة هي المسؤولة عن قلق وتوتر الطفل وواجبها أن تغير من نظام حياتها الذي يجعلها ثائرة ومتوترة في آخر النهار حتى لا ينعكس هذا على طفلها، لأن كل موقف يتعرض له الطفل يمكن أن يؤثر عليه عاطفياً ونفسياً ويكون رد فعله الاحساس بالخوف والقلق وعدم الأمان وكلها تؤدي الى الأرق وعدم تنظيم نوم الطفل.
هناك عامل آخر يمكن أن يؤدي الى اصابة العمل بالأرق وشعوره بالتعاسة وهو الاعتقاد الخاطئ بأنه غير مرغوب فيه أو أن والديه لا يحبانه.. ويتولد لديه هذا الاحساس بصفة خاصة عند قدوم مولود جديد في الأسرة.
هناك أيضاً بعض الأسباب العضوية التي يمكن أن تؤدي إلى اصابة الطفل بالأرق وعدم استغراقه في النوم منها:
الاحساس بالتعب أو الاحساس بالبرد الشديد أو على العكس الحرارة الشديدة..
هناك أيضاً العشاء الثقيل كأن يتناول الطفل كمية كبيرة من الحلوى أو النشويات قبل النوم مباشرة أو على العكس يمكن أن يشعر الطفل بالأرق نتيجة احساسه بالجوع…
كلها عوامل تؤدي الى اضطرابات الغدد فيتولد الأرق.
ويقول المتخصصون في النهاية: أن من حسن حظ الآباء والأمهات أن حالات الأرق عند الأطفال يمكن علاجها بسهولة إذا حرصوا على مراقبة أطفالهم المعرفة سبب أرقهم.. في هذه الحالة يكون العلاج في أيديهم وتظهر نتيجته بسرعة فينعمون هم وأطفالهم بالنوم الهادئ.
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